Absence of Annexin I Expression in B-cell Non-Hodgkin s Lymphomas and Cell Lines
Absence of Annexin I Expression in B-cell Non-Hodgkin s Lymphomas and Cell Lines
US Oncology Review 2005
Published: October 2008
Published: October 2008
Background
The annexins comprise a family of 20 calcium- and phospholipid-binding proteins. Expressed in organisms ranging from molds and plants to mammals, this family of proteins has proven evolutionarily conserved as well as functionally diverse. Structurally, annexins consist of a 70 amino acid core domain and an N-terminal domain, which is variable in both length and sequence, and imparts its functional diversity on the family.
Annexin I has been implicated to have a biological role in inhibition of phospholipase A2,1 as a substrate for epidermal growth factor receptor2 and intracellular calcium release,3 regulation of hepatocyte growth factor receptor signaling,4 and membrane trafficking.5 Substantial evidence suggests a role for annexin I in glucocorticoid-induced immunosuppression6,7 and MAPK/ERK pathway.7,8
Increased expression of intracellular annexin I is seen in bronchial epithelial cells grown in the presence of dexamethasone,9 and secreted annexin I appears to be proteolytically degraded by the human neutrophil elastase to an inactive form.10,11
Annexin I is a critical mediator of apoptosis.12 15 While over-expression of annexin I has been observed in pancreatic,16 breast, and gastric cancers,17 reduced or no expression of annexin I has been reported in prostate and esophageal cancers.18 21 Thus, differential regulation of annexin I in a tissue-specific manner may be associated with the development of cancers in these sites.
Absence of annexin II expression has been reported in two B-cell lymphoma cell lines, Raji and OMABL- 1.22 While annexin II is closely related to annexin I in amino acid identity, its cellular function is clearly different.9 Both annexins I and II are upregulated in pancreatic carcinoma,16 and recent reports have shown absence of both annexins I and II in prostate carcinoma.20 24 Thus, it appears that both annexins I and II may be coordinately regulated. In view of these observations, the expression of annexin I in human B-cell lymphomas and cell lines was investigated in this study.
Methods Cell Culture, Drug Treatment, and Reagents
The human B-cell lymphoma cell lines used in this study are: progenitor B-cell lines (Nalm-6, REH, HPB-Null, PBE-1), B-lymphoblast cell lines (WI-L2,TK-6,DW-10, DHL-16), and Burkitt s lymphoma cell lines (Raji, Ramos, OMA-BL-1, Namalwa). TK-6 is a lymphoblast cell line that is heterozygous for thymidine kinase.TK-6 is a derivative of the WI-L2, a lymphoblast cell line.DW- 10 and WI-L2 are EBV transformed mature B-cell lines. PBE-1 and NALM-6 are both precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines. NALM-6 is an established cell line and PBE1 is a line established shortterm from a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) at the University of Nebraska Medical Center (please note that a DNA fingerprint analysis25 of over 500 lymphoma-leukemia cell lines indicated that PBE-1 and NALM6 may be identical). DHL-16 is a follicular B-cell lymphoma cell line.26 Human adenoids were used as a source of normal B-cells, and contained >80% B-cells as determined by cell sorting and flow cytometric analysis. In other experiments, normal B-cells were isolated from PBL of a healthy volunteer using the human B-cell isolation kit (Miltenyi Biotec Inc., Auburn, CA) as per manufacturer s guidelines. SW1116, HeLa and 293T cells were used as positive controls in the indicated experiments. Cells were grown in a growth medium consisting of Eagle s minimum essential medium (GIBCO-BRL, Grand Island, NY) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum, L-glutamine (2mM), penicillin (100U/ml) and streptomycin (100µg/ml). All cell lines were determined to be mycoplasma-free by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)- based mycoplasma detection assay. 5-aza-2 - deoxycytidine (deoxyC, Sigma Chemical Co., St Louis, MO) was freshly prepared in distilled water. Raji and OMA BL-1 cells, growing in T25 flasks, were incubated in one of the following: 3µM or 6µM deoxyC for three days or six days; 2.5 to 10µg/ml lipopolysaccharide from E. coli (Sigma) for 24 hours; or 100µM H2O2 for two to 24 hours. Genomic DNA, total cellular ribonucleic acid (RNA), and protein were extracted from cells using previously published procedures.22,27 Absence of Annexin I Expression in B-cell Non-Hodgkin s Lymphomas and Cell Lines
References:
1. Wallner B P, Mattaliano R J, Hession C, Cate R L,Tizard R, Sinclair L K, Foeller C, Chow E P, Browing J L, Ramachandran K L et al.,"Cloning and expression of human lipocortin, a phospholipase A2 inhibitor with potential anti-inflammatory activity", Nature (1986), 320: pp. 77-81.
2. Pepinsky R B and Sinclair L K, " Epidermal growth factor-dependent phosphorylation of lipocortin", Nature (1986), 321: pp. 81-84.
3. Frey B M, Reber B F,Vishwanath B S, Escher G and Frey F J, "Annexin I modulates cell functions by controlling intracellular calcium release", FASEB J (1999), 13: pp. 2,235-2,245.
4.Skouteris G G and Schroder C H, "The hepatocyte growth factor receptor kinase-mediated phosphorylation of lipocortin-1 transduces the proliferating signal of the hepatocyte growth factor", J. Biol. Chem. (1996), 271: pp. 27,266-27,273
5. Ernst J D, Hoye E, Blackwood R A and Mok T L,"Identification of a domain that mediates vesicle aggregation reveals functional diversity of annexin repeats", J. Biol. Chem. (1991), 266: pp. 6,670-6,673.
6. Goulding N J and Guyre P M, "Glucocorticoids, lipocortins and the immune response", Curr. Op. Immun. (1993), 5: pp. 108-113.
7. Croxtall J D, Choudhury Q and Flower R J, "Glucocorticoids act within minutes to inhibit recruitment of signalling factors to activated EGF receptors through a receptor-dependent, transcription-independent mechanism", Br. J. Pharmacol. (2000), 130: pp. 289-298.
8. Alldridge L C, Harris H J, Plevin R, Hannon R and Bryant C E,"The annexin protein lipocortin 1 regulates the MAPK/ERK pathway", J. Biol. Chem. (1999), 274: pp. 37,620-37,628.
9. Vishwanatha J K, Muns G, Beckmann J D, Davis R G and Rubinstein I,"Differential expression of annexins I and II in bovine bronchial epithelial cells", Am. J. Resp. Cell Mol. Biol. (1995), 12: pp. 280-286.
10. Smith S F,Tetley T D, Guz A and Flower R J, "Detection of lipocortin 1 in human lung lavage fluid: lipocortin degradation as a possible proteolytic mechanism in the control of inflammatory mediators and inflammation", Environ. Health Perspect 1990, 85: pp. 135-144.
11. Vishwanatha J K, Davis R G, Rubinstein I and Floreani A,"Annexin I degradation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from healthy smokers: a possible mechanism of inflammation", Clin. Cancer Res. (1998), 4: pp. 2,559-2,564.
12. McKanna J A,"Lipocortin 1 in apoptosis: Mammary regression", Anatomical Record (1995), 242: pp. 1-10.
13. Sakamoto T, Repasky W T, Uchida K, Hirata A and Hirata F, "Modulation of cell death pathways to apoptosis and necrosis of H2O2-treated rat thymocytes by lipocortin I", Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1996), 220: pp. 643-647.
14. Solito E, de Coupade C, Canaider S, Goulding N J and Perretti M, "Transfection of annexin 1 in monocytic cells produces a high degree of spontaneous and stimulated apoptosis associated with caspase-3 activation", Br. J. Pharmacol. (2001), 133: pp. 217-228.
15. Rothwell N J and Flower R,"Lipocortin-1 exhibits novel actions, providing clinical opportunities." Trends in Pharmacological Sciences (1992), 13: pp. 45-46.
16. Kumble K D, Hirota M, Pour P M and Vishwanatha J K, "Enhanced levels of annexins in pancreatic carcinoma cells of Syrian hamsters and their intrapancreatic allografts", Cancer Research (1992), 52: pp. 163-167.
17. Ahn S H, Sawada H, Ro J Y and Nicolson G L,"Differential expression of annexin I in human mammary ductal epithelial cells in normal and benign and malignant breast tissues", Clin. Exp. Metastasis (1997), 15: pp. 151-156
18. Cole K A, Krizman D B and Emmert-Buck M R,"The genetics of cancer - a 3D model", Nat. Genet. (1999), 21: pp. 38-41.
19. Zhi H, Zhang J, Hu G, Lu J,Wang X, Zhou C,Wu M and Liu Z, "The deregulation of arachidonic acid metabolism-related genes in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma", Int. J. Cancer (2003), 106: pp. 327-333.
20. Kang J S, Calvo B F,Maygarden S J, Caskey L S, Mohler J L and Ornstein D K,"Dysregulation of annexin I protein expression in high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostate cancer", Clin. Cancer Res. (2002), 8: pp. 117-123.
21. Paweletz C P, Ornstein D K, Roth M J, Bichsel V E, Gillespie J W, Calvert V S,Vocke C D, Hewitt S M, Duray P H, Herring J,Wang Q H, Hu N, Linehan W M,Taylor P R, Liotta L A, Emmert-Buck M R and Petricoin,III, E F, "Loss of annexin 1 correlates with early onset of tumorigenesis in esophageal and prostate carcinoma", Cancer Res. (2000), 60: pp. 6,293-6,297.
22. Chiang Y, Davis R G and Vishwanatha J K,"Altered expression of annexin II in human B-cell lymphoma cell lines", Biochim. Biophys. Acta. (1996), 1313: pp. 295-301.
23. Chetcuti A, Margan S H, Russell P, Mann S, Millar D S, Clark S J, Rogers J, Handelsman D J and Dong Q,"Loss of annexin ii heavy and light chains in prostate cancer and its precursors", Cancer Res. (2001), 61: pp. 6,331-6,334.
24. Vaarala M H, Porvari K, Kyllonen A and Vihko P, "Differentially expressed genes in two LNCaP prostate cancer cell lines reflecting changes during prostate cancer progression", Lab. Invest. (2000), 80: pp. 1,259-1,268.
25. Drexler H G, Dirks W G, Matsuo Y and MacLeod R A,"False leukemia-lymphoma cell lines: an update on over 500 cell lines", Leukemia (2003), 17: pp. 416-426.
26. Pan Z, Shen Y, Du C, Zhou G, Rosenwald A, Staudt L M, Greiner T C, McKeithan T W and Chan W C, "Two newly characterized germinal center B-cell-associated genes, GCET1 and GCET2, have differential expression in normal and neoplastic B cells", Am. J. Pathol. (2003), 163: pp. 135-144.
27. Chiang Y, Rizzino A, Sibenaller Z A,Wold M S and Vishwanatha J K, "Specific down-regulation of annexin II expression in human cells interferes with cell proliferation", Mol. Cell. Biochem. (1999), 199: pp. 139-147.
28. Kumble K D and Vishwanatha J K, "Immunoelectron microscopic analysis of the intracellular distribution of primer recognition proteins, annexin 2 and phosphoglycerate kinase, in normal and transformed cells", J. Cell Sci. (1991), 99: pp. 751-758.
29. Southern E M, "Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis", J. Mol. Biol. (1975), 98: pp. 503-517.
30. Seemann J,Weber K, Osborn M, Parton R G and Gerke V, "The association of annexin I with early endosomes is regulated by Ca2+ and requires an intact N-terminal domain", Mol. Biol. Cell (1996), 7: pp. 1,359-1,374.
31. Kuppers R, Zhao M, Hansmann M L and Rajewsky K,"Tracing B cell development in human germinal centres by molecular analysis of single cells picked from histological sections", EMBO J. (1993), 12: pp. 4,955-4,967.
32. Pasqualucci L, Migliazza A, Fracchiolla N,William C, Neri A, Baldini L, Chaganti R S, Klein U, Kuppers R, Rajewsky R and Dalla-Favera R,"BCL-6 mutations in normal germinal center B cells: evidence of somatic hypermutation acting outside Ig loci", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1998), 95: pp. 11,816-11,821.
33. Solito E, de Coupade C, Parente L, Flower R J and Russo-Marie F, "Human annexin 1 is highly expressed during the differentiation of the epithelial cell line A 549: involvement of nuclear factor interleukin 6 in phorbol ester induction of annexin 1", Cell Growth Differ. (1998), 9: pp. 327-336.
2. Pepinsky R B and Sinclair L K, " Epidermal growth factor-dependent phosphorylation of lipocortin", Nature (1986), 321: pp. 81-84.
3. Frey B M, Reber B F,Vishwanath B S, Escher G and Frey F J, "Annexin I modulates cell functions by controlling intracellular calcium release", FASEB J (1999), 13: pp. 2,235-2,245.
4.Skouteris G G and Schroder C H, "The hepatocyte growth factor receptor kinase-mediated phosphorylation of lipocortin-1 transduces the proliferating signal of the hepatocyte growth factor", J. Biol. Chem. (1996), 271: pp. 27,266-27,273
5. Ernst J D, Hoye E, Blackwood R A and Mok T L,"Identification of a domain that mediates vesicle aggregation reveals functional diversity of annexin repeats", J. Biol. Chem. (1991), 266: pp. 6,670-6,673.
6. Goulding N J and Guyre P M, "Glucocorticoids, lipocortins and the immune response", Curr. Op. Immun. (1993), 5: pp. 108-113.
7. Croxtall J D, Choudhury Q and Flower R J, "Glucocorticoids act within minutes to inhibit recruitment of signalling factors to activated EGF receptors through a receptor-dependent, transcription-independent mechanism", Br. J. Pharmacol. (2000), 130: pp. 289-298.
8. Alldridge L C, Harris H J, Plevin R, Hannon R and Bryant C E,"The annexin protein lipocortin 1 regulates the MAPK/ERK pathway", J. Biol. Chem. (1999), 274: pp. 37,620-37,628.
9. Vishwanatha J K, Muns G, Beckmann J D, Davis R G and Rubinstein I,"Differential expression of annexins I and II in bovine bronchial epithelial cells", Am. J. Resp. Cell Mol. Biol. (1995), 12: pp. 280-286.
10. Smith S F,Tetley T D, Guz A and Flower R J, "Detection of lipocortin 1 in human lung lavage fluid: lipocortin degradation as a possible proteolytic mechanism in the control of inflammatory mediators and inflammation", Environ. Health Perspect 1990, 85: pp. 135-144.
11. Vishwanatha J K, Davis R G, Rubinstein I and Floreani A,"Annexin I degradation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from healthy smokers: a possible mechanism of inflammation", Clin. Cancer Res. (1998), 4: pp. 2,559-2,564.
12. McKanna J A,"Lipocortin 1 in apoptosis: Mammary regression", Anatomical Record (1995), 242: pp. 1-10.
13. Sakamoto T, Repasky W T, Uchida K, Hirata A and Hirata F, "Modulation of cell death pathways to apoptosis and necrosis of H2O2-treated rat thymocytes by lipocortin I", Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1996), 220: pp. 643-647.
14. Solito E, de Coupade C, Canaider S, Goulding N J and Perretti M, "Transfection of annexin 1 in monocytic cells produces a high degree of spontaneous and stimulated apoptosis associated with caspase-3 activation", Br. J. Pharmacol. (2001), 133: pp. 217-228.
15. Rothwell N J and Flower R,"Lipocortin-1 exhibits novel actions, providing clinical opportunities." Trends in Pharmacological Sciences (1992), 13: pp. 45-46.
16. Kumble K D, Hirota M, Pour P M and Vishwanatha J K, "Enhanced levels of annexins in pancreatic carcinoma cells of Syrian hamsters and their intrapancreatic allografts", Cancer Research (1992), 52: pp. 163-167.
17. Ahn S H, Sawada H, Ro J Y and Nicolson G L,"Differential expression of annexin I in human mammary ductal epithelial cells in normal and benign and malignant breast tissues", Clin. Exp. Metastasis (1997), 15: pp. 151-156
18. Cole K A, Krizman D B and Emmert-Buck M R,"The genetics of cancer - a 3D model", Nat. Genet. (1999), 21: pp. 38-41.
19. Zhi H, Zhang J, Hu G, Lu J,Wang X, Zhou C,Wu M and Liu Z, "The deregulation of arachidonic acid metabolism-related genes in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma", Int. J. Cancer (2003), 106: pp. 327-333.
20. Kang J S, Calvo B F,Maygarden S J, Caskey L S, Mohler J L and Ornstein D K,"Dysregulation of annexin I protein expression in high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostate cancer", Clin. Cancer Res. (2002), 8: pp. 117-123.
21. Paweletz C P, Ornstein D K, Roth M J, Bichsel V E, Gillespie J W, Calvert V S,Vocke C D, Hewitt S M, Duray P H, Herring J,Wang Q H, Hu N, Linehan W M,Taylor P R, Liotta L A, Emmert-Buck M R and Petricoin,III, E F, "Loss of annexin 1 correlates with early onset of tumorigenesis in esophageal and prostate carcinoma", Cancer Res. (2000), 60: pp. 6,293-6,297.
22. Chiang Y, Davis R G and Vishwanatha J K,"Altered expression of annexin II in human B-cell lymphoma cell lines", Biochim. Biophys. Acta. (1996), 1313: pp. 295-301.
23. Chetcuti A, Margan S H, Russell P, Mann S, Millar D S, Clark S J, Rogers J, Handelsman D J and Dong Q,"Loss of annexin ii heavy and light chains in prostate cancer and its precursors", Cancer Res. (2001), 61: pp. 6,331-6,334.
24. Vaarala M H, Porvari K, Kyllonen A and Vihko P, "Differentially expressed genes in two LNCaP prostate cancer cell lines reflecting changes during prostate cancer progression", Lab. Invest. (2000), 80: pp. 1,259-1,268.
25. Drexler H G, Dirks W G, Matsuo Y and MacLeod R A,"False leukemia-lymphoma cell lines: an update on over 500 cell lines", Leukemia (2003), 17: pp. 416-426.
26. Pan Z, Shen Y, Du C, Zhou G, Rosenwald A, Staudt L M, Greiner T C, McKeithan T W and Chan W C, "Two newly characterized germinal center B-cell-associated genes, GCET1 and GCET2, have differential expression in normal and neoplastic B cells", Am. J. Pathol. (2003), 163: pp. 135-144.
27. Chiang Y, Rizzino A, Sibenaller Z A,Wold M S and Vishwanatha J K, "Specific down-regulation of annexin II expression in human cells interferes with cell proliferation", Mol. Cell. Biochem. (1999), 199: pp. 139-147.
28. Kumble K D and Vishwanatha J K, "Immunoelectron microscopic analysis of the intracellular distribution of primer recognition proteins, annexin 2 and phosphoglycerate kinase, in normal and transformed cells", J. Cell Sci. (1991), 99: pp. 751-758.
29. Southern E M, "Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis", J. Mol. Biol. (1975), 98: pp. 503-517.
30. Seemann J,Weber K, Osborn M, Parton R G and Gerke V, "The association of annexin I with early endosomes is regulated by Ca2+ and requires an intact N-terminal domain", Mol. Biol. Cell (1996), 7: pp. 1,359-1,374.
31. Kuppers R, Zhao M, Hansmann M L and Rajewsky K,"Tracing B cell development in human germinal centres by molecular analysis of single cells picked from histological sections", EMBO J. (1993), 12: pp. 4,955-4,967.
32. Pasqualucci L, Migliazza A, Fracchiolla N,William C, Neri A, Baldini L, Chaganti R S, Klein U, Kuppers R, Rajewsky R and Dalla-Favera R,"BCL-6 mutations in normal germinal center B cells: evidence of somatic hypermutation acting outside Ig loci", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1998), 95: pp. 11,816-11,821.
33. Solito E, de Coupade C, Parente L, Flower R J and Russo-Marie F, "Human annexin 1 is highly expressed during the differentiation of the epithelial cell line A 549: involvement of nuclear factor interleukin 6 in phorbol ester induction of annexin 1", Cell Growth Differ. (1998), 9: pp. 327-336.
